AIR POLANE POLLUTION

Aircraft create several types of air pollution. These occur both at the airport during fueling, takeoff and landing and while the aircraft are in flight. These are:

Greenhouse gases

Aircraft burn hydrocarbon fuel. The principle emissions from this are carbon dioxide and water. There is also some nitrogen oxide. The SAS airlines have developed a nice spreadsheet of airplanes vs. GHG emissions for travellers who want to reduce their global warming footprint.

Particulate emissions

Aircraft fuels contain some sulfur compounds. These are emistted as particulate. These particulates act as nuclei for cloud formation whichmay impact the ratio of light reaching the Earth from the sun. This may be seen as a "good thing" as it might recuce global warming, but putting all your potential impacts in a pot and stirring them is not good science

Noise

The familiar roar of aircraft can reduce the enjoyment of living under an approach route to a busy airports. Som sites have designated quiet hours or alternatesapproach routes for use at night.

Hydrocarbon emissions

During fueling and reving up and taxiing (when engines exhaust composition changes) there can be an increase in hydrocarbon emissions. Hydrocarbons and NOx, both components of air traffic, can contribute to photochemical smog.

During emergencies, aircraft often dump fuel into the air to reduce fire hazards. While this is necessary for passenger safety it stil contributed to hydrocarbon levels

PREVENTION STEPS TO SOIL POLLUTION

Soil pollution is the addition of toxic and harmful chemicals, salts, microorganisms and radioactive elements to the soil layer. These substances decrease soil fertility by reducing its mineral content. They also adversely affect plant and animal growth. Soil pollution is a big problem, but steps are being taken to control it.



Reducing Usage of Chemicals
1.
Step 1

Pesticides and fungicides are essential for plant growth but their overuse has led to soil pollution. Bio-fertilization and manures should be used instead of their chemical alternatives. Biofertilization is a process in which certain microorganisms are used to increase the fertility and growth capacity of soil. The process reduces the need for pesticides and fungicides. Manure, meanwhile, is always considered preferable to pesticides. In its organic form, manure has few negative effects on the ecological system.
2.
Step 2

Recycling is another way to reduce and control soil pollution. Recycling paper, plastics and other materials reduces the volume of refuse in landfills, another common cause of soil pollution.
3.
Step 3

De-forestation, the cutting down of trees, causes erosion, pollution and the loss of fertility in the topsoil. Planting trees--or re-forestation--helps prevent soil erosion and pollution.
4.
Step 4

Weeds soak up minerals in the soil. Reducing weed growth helps reduce soil pollution. One of the more common methods of reducing weed growth is covering the soil with numerous layers of wet newspapers or a plastic sheet for several weeks before cultivation. This prevents light from reaching the weeds, which kills them.
5.
Step 5

Designated pits should be used for the dumping of soil wastes. These wastes should be treated chemically and biologically to make them less toxic and hazardous. Biological treatment involves the use of anaerobic microorganisms, such as methanogens and acetogens, which help break down the soil wastes into a less toxic and biodegradable form.

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References

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SOIL POLLUTION AND PICS

SOIL POLLUTION (terrestrial pollution)


"The mountain, and a deep and gloomy wood, their colours and their forms, were then to me an appetite: a feeling and a love, that had no need of a remoter charm,..."
The author of this poem thinks and ponders on his thought of nature. His inspiration is reflected upon what he regards most beautiful by sight, unfortunately enough we hardly have such inspirations in our minds now-a-days, leave a lone the fact of the advent of video games but also because there isn't much to ponder upon in our surroundings today. Look outside your window in most areas its buildings and cars and cars and buildings. Lands and forests have been cleared to the least natura

After the world war two, many countries suffered from food shortage and this facilitated the intoruction of fertilizers and other agricultural chemicals.








Natural land pollution:
Land pollution occurs massively during earth quakes, land slides, hurricanes and floods. All cause hard to clean mess, which is expensive to clean , and may sometimes take years to restore the affected area. These kinds of natural disasters are not only a problem in that they cause pollution but also because they leave many victims homeless.


DEFINITION:
Soil pollution is defined as the build-up in soils of persistent toxic compounds, chemicals, salts, radioactive materials, or disease causing agents, which have adverse effects on plant growth and animal health.

The wars that hit the earth are probably the immediate cause of soil pollution. Not talking in the sense of how many people died but in that it is through this period that many countries found the necessity to improve their living standards. After the world war two, many countries suffered from food shortage and this facilitated the intoruction of fertilizers and other agricultural chemicals. Although KNP [ Potassium, Nitrogen, Phosphorus] fertilisers has not led to soil pollution, the application of trace elements has.
Pesticides such as DDT [dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane]a colourless chemical pesticide, which is a potent nerve poison in insects was first widely used to combat diseases such as yellow fever and malaria. It was later used to control and/ or eradicate disease carrying and crop eating insects. DDT was later on discovered to cause endagerement of species in the same food chain as the
controlled insects, particularly birds. DDT prevents the shelling of bird eggs and in humans causes health threats.
In yet another famous war of Vietnam in 1970's was introduced another Chemical substance which had a more adverse effect than that of DDT, Dioxin a chemical impurity resulting from the production of the auxin 2,4,5T. Dioxin is a toxic chemical and was used as a defoliant by the American army. Dioxin was a major constituent of argent orange which was applied on trees which would then fall off reaviling enemy camps. After the war it was found that the chemical cause congenital deformalities and mental effects to the children born to the American soldiers and in the area over which it was applied. In minute amount dioxin has the ability to cause cancer,chloracne, miscarriage, and fetal abnormalities.
Glass industries have also been responsible of soil pollution. The glass industries uses Arsenic to eliminate a green colour caused by impurities of iron compounds. because arsenic is a violent poison, yet it is widely used and therefore is a frequent contaminant. James Marsh, supplies a simple method for detecting traces of arsenic so minute that they would escape discovery in ordinary analysis. Arsenic is sometimes added to lead to harden it and is also used in the manufacture of such military poison gases as lewisite and adamsite. Until the introduction of penicillin, arsenic was of great importance in the treatment of syphilis. In other medicinal uses, it has been displaced by sulpha drugs or antibiotics. Lead arsenate, calcium arsenate, and Paris green are used extensively as insecticides. Pollution of land by heavy metals is a result of the mining of ores to extract metals such as tin, silver, nickel, lead, iron, chromium and copper. Most of these metals occur naturally as ions in the soils. Though some metals, such as copper, iron, and zinc , are necessary for plant growth. It is the high concentration if these ions that renders the land unsuitable for plant growth. Soil pollution is widely linked to chemical substances but irrigation. is somehow linked to it as well.
CONTROL
Soil pollution has been slightly controlled by putting regulations on the use of DDT and introduction of alternatives to it. However the task of eliminating completely soil pollution is not easy, third some third world countries still utilize pollutants such as DDT as pesticides. Mining cannot be stopped because we are in constant need for mineral ores for different applications.

RECYCLING PLASTIC BAG

Green Nature

Plastic Bag Recycling
plastic bag recycling

Recycling Resources
Curbside Recycling
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Mixed Paper Recycling
Plastic Bag Recycling
Plastics Recycling
Recycling Corner
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Types of Plastics
Plastic bag recycling practices differ from area to area around the United States.

In some places, plastic bags have become a big topic of conversation.

All sides agree that changing consumer bag habits saves natural resources and promotes energy conservation.

There is disagreement on the appropriate policies for promoting the different positions.

The picture shows a grocery store that actively promotes recycling for their plastic bags.

The City of San Francisco recently passed a Plastic Bag Reduction Ordinance.

It requires the use of either "recyclable paper bags, and/or compostable plastic bags, and/or reusable bags" by all stores in the city, under threat of penalty.

Other areas promote a bring your reusable bag policy (often a cloth bag), without a mandatory plastic bag requirement.






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PLASTIC POLLUTION PICS

ABOUT PLASTIC POLLUTION AND PIC

PLASTIC BAG POLLUTION





Plastic bags
Every year, around 500 billion (500,000,000,000) plastic bags are used worldwide. So many that over one million bags are being every minute and they're damaging our environment. India's plastics consumption is one of the highest in the world. Yet, precious little has been done to recycle, re-use and dispose of plastic waste. Plastic bags are difficult and costly to recycle and most end up on landfill sites where they take around 300 years to photo degrade. They break down into tiny toxic particles that contaminate the soil and waterways and enter the food chain when animals accidentally ingest them. But the problems surrounding waste plastic bags starts long before they photo degrade.


Our planet is becoming increasingly contaminated by our unnecessary use of plastic carry bags. Big black bin liners, plastic carrier bags carrying advertising logos, clear sandwich bags, vegetable bags and a variety of other forms used to carry our daily food items and other items are all polluting our environment. Just take a look around you. Plastic bags can be seen hanging from the branches of trees, flying in the air on windy days, settled amongst bushes and floating on rivers. They clog up gutters and drains causing water and sewage to overflow and become the breeding grounds of germs and bacteria that cause diseases.

Animals and sea creatures are hurt and killed every day by discarded plastic bags - a dead turtle with a plastic bag hanging from its mouth isn't a pleasant sight but mistaking plastic bags for food is commonplace amongst marine animals. Plastic clogs their intestines and leads to slow starvation. Others become entangled in plastic bags and drown. Because plastic bags take hundreds of years to break down, every year our seas become 'home' to more and more bags that find their way there through our sewers and waterways. Given India's poor garbage collection facilities, tons of plastic bags litter the roads, preventing rainwater from seeping into the ground. Hundreds of cows die in New Delhi alone every year when they choke on plastic bags while trying to eat vegetable waste stuffed in the garbage.


Plastic bags chock drains
Every bag that's washed down a drain during rainfall ends up in the sea every bag that's flushed down a toilet (many mall bags are), ends up in the sea - every bag that’s blown into a river will most likely end up in the sea. Besides choking drains, plastics are highly toxics. When burned they release cancer-causing gases. Lying in the garbage, polythene bags also find their way in gut of cattle, asphyxiating the animals. The cheap bags contain chemicals such as cadmium- or lead-based chemicals that are harmful to health. They leach into vegetables, meat and food.
An estimated 15 lakh computers and 30 lakh mobile phones are disposed of every year in India. “Computers, mobiles and other electronic items generate hazardous e-waste like lead, brominated flame retardants and chromium which can cause cancer,” There is another problem: India has more to deal with than just the waste generated at home. The Environment Protection Authority of Britain recently said 23,000 tonnes of e-waste was dumped in India, China and Pakistan.
Ban on Plastic bags
Several countries have already banned their use and more will doubtless follow. Several Indian states such as Maharastra, Dehli, Punjab, Rajasthan, Himanchal Pradesh, Goa etc. banned their use. Mumbai's storm water drainage choking with accumulated plastics waste, making the floods unmanageable, is an old story. The Environment Ministry has banned manufacture and use of plastics carry bags less than 8 inches X 12 inches in size 20 micron in width. The ministry has also asked State Governments to register all plastics manufacturing unit, so that these can be regulated. However, the implementation of the order has been tardy, evident from the large number of polythene bags strewn in every major town and city.
The UAE Ministry of Environment and Water with its recent announcement banning plastic bags completely by 2013. Jute is one of the strongest natural plant fibers which is durable and re-usable. It is a 100 % natural material that consumes carbon dioxide and releases oxygen into the atmosphere. Fabrics made of jute fibers are therefore carbon dioxide neutral and are naturally decomposable.
The alternative to plastic bags are paper bags, jute bags and cloth bags. Paper, Jute and Cloth are eco-friendly. Jute bags are most suitable substitute then paper and cloth, because it is cheaper then cloth and reusable. Though paper bags are cheaper then jute bags but less durable. The West Bengal Government, which has decided to ban plastic bags in Kolkata and other prominent towns and cities in the State, intends to make use of jute bags mandatory through suitable legislation.
An example set by Vietnam's 61-year old Le Loc
A former chemistry student in Vietnam, 61-year old Le Loc spent $85,700 (1.5 billion Dong) to invent a biodegradable bag all on his own. He had little support. Le Loc said he couldn’t get a loan from the bank, because they didn’t believe that the project would succeed. Over the last five years he devoted himself to finding a solution to Vietnam’s plastic bag problem. He mortgaged his house. With the help of technology from the US, he has developed a biodegradable packaging product that will biodegrade after 49-103 days if exposed to direct sunlight, natural bacteria or high humidity. His bags are now available at different localities nationwide and in foreign markets. He is the director of Phuc Le Gia Trade and Service Co. Ltd.. In May, the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment granted Loc’s bags the “Environment Green Label” title. He has also passed quality assurance inspection by the Ministry of Science and Technology.
Future for polyethylene bags
While the future for polyethylene bags may be death by regulation and taxation, manufacturers in the industry have decided to participate in the debate without shutting their doors and throwing their hands up.
In efforts to participate at the policy and legislative level, manufacturing companies in the US have become part of the Progressive Bag Alliance (PBA) in order to help shape environmentally-sound laws and policies. One of the outgrowths of this Alliance is a loop-closing effort by Hilex, one of the leaders in the manufacturing of polyethylene retail bags. The effort Bag-2-Bag is a way to prevent plastic bags from making their way to landfills. Instead, Hilex has built a $13 million recycling plant where they turn used bags collected at grocery stores and retail locations into clean new bags.
In efforts to counter policies and legislation that have banned plastic bag use to reduce pollution in cities manufacturers are increasing recycling efforts to revive the PRCBs industry. Ireland imposed a tax on every plastic bag used at a retail location. The PBA includes several PRCB manufacturers and was established by the American Chemistry Council (ACC), which worked with non-profits, government and business groups this past summer on a “Got Your Bags?” campaign in California. The campaign was a public education effort to encourage shoppers to bring their plastic bags back to stores for recycling. The PBA has announced that by 2015 they aim to include 40% recycled content, including 25% post-consumer material in all plastic shopping bags made by member companies. According to the ACC, the Full Circle Recycling Initiative will reduce greenhouse gas emission by 463 million pounds, conserve enough energy (mainly natural gas) to heat 200,000 homes and reduce waste by 300 million pounds every year.
Fashion today on the use of natural fabrics
Fashion today being the trend towards mass luxury and second being the drive for eco-sustainable fashion. Natural fabrics are bio-degradable and can be used to regenerate the earth on decay.They are also carbon neutral. They release no more than the amount of CO2 absorbed when incinerated.
Where the production of 1 tonne of polypropylene used in packaging, containers and cordage emits more than 3 tonnes of Carbon dioxide (CO2) where as jute absorbs 2.4 tonnes of CO2 for every tonne produced.
Now, these are healthy choices due to their wicking properties unlike the synthetics materials used in garment for weight reduction programmes. This also makes it imperative for designers to make knowledgeable choices. Although most Indian luxury design is based on the use of natural fabrics, the spread of the fashion phenomena here, is leading to the massive demand for synthetic materials such as polyesters at the cheaper end. Again the advantage for natural fibres is that we can recycle the old with the new when it comes to creating manmade fabrics. That we can create eco-sustainable designs.

SOUND POLLUTION

Sound Pollution

What is Sound Pollution?

Noise Pollution or Sound Pollution is when the exposure of people or animals to levels of sound that are annoying, stressful, or damaging to the ears. Although loud and frightening sounds are part of nature, only in recent centuries has much of the world become urban, industrial, and chronically noisy. The machines used in factories make noise throughout the day, and this disturbs the peaceful atmosphere in the vicinity, as machines used without proper covering lead to sound pollution. Noise is one of the most pervasive pollution in America.

How is Sound Pollution Measured?

Noise intensity is measured in decibel units. The decibel scale is logarithmic; each
10-decibel increase represents a tenfold increase in noise intensity.

What Causes Sound Pollution?

Most noise pollution comes from machines, especially automobiles, trucks, and aircraft. Construction equipment, farm machines, and the din of machinery inside factories can be dangerously loud. Some home appliances, shop tools, lawnmowers, and leaf blowers can also be noisy, as are guns, firecrackers, and some toys. Even music, when played at very high volume, particularly through personal headphones, is as damaging to the ears as a roaring chain saw.